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(Effects of a Nutrition Education Program on Physicians/Residents--continued)



APPENDIX. F:   PRE-TEST vs. POST-TEST--ADDITIONAL CONTINGENCY TABLES


Editorial Notes:

The tables below and the tables in chapter 4 were produced using two different tool sets (software). Because of this, the appearance (style) of the tables here is different from those in chapter 4.

For those interested in details, the tables here were prepared using the SAS® System, specifically the Output Display System of the base SAS software product. A standard style sheet provided in SAS was used (with some minor modifications). The tables utilize cascading style sheets and JavaScript. Your browser must support these features in order to display the tables correctly. Also, depending on your browser, the fonts that appear in these appendices may be different from the fonts in the other parts of the thesis.

Check before you start reading the tables:

Readers are advised that this appendix is intended primarily for those who can interpret the results of a basic statistical analysis. If you are unfamiliar with statistics, or uncomfortable with it, we gently suggest that you might not find these appendices to be relevant to you.

Note: SAS® is a registered trademark of SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina [U.S.].

 

Statistical Notes: Help in Interpreting the Tables

This appendix provides results for contingency tables done for the thesis. The output below is labeled, however some readers may find parts of it to be hard to understand. The notes below provide a brief overview of the most important elements in reading the tables (overview only: not intended to be comprehensive).

2-Variable Contingency Tables:

These have a rectangular cell structure, with cells arranged in rows and columns. The rows define one categorical variable and its values, the columns the other categorical variable. The term categorical variable refers to discrete variables, e.g., a survey question that has 2 replies: "yes" or "no." This is to distinguish it from a non-categorical ("continuous") variable with a range of values in interval(s), e.g. a temperature reading that usually falls between 0 and 100 degrees Centigrade.

In the contingency tables, rows and columns are labeled with the identity of the associated variables, which come from the survey done for this thesis. For example, you will see below columns labeled "Pre-test" and Post-test," the two study periods for the survey. Rows in each table are labeled with the value for the requisite variable, say for a specific example "Yes" and "No." Thus the cell that falls in the intersection of column number c, and row number r, gives the statistics for those responses where we have (row, column) = (r,c). For a more demonstrative example, in the Pre-Test column, if we consider a table where the first row is labeled "No," then the statistics in that cell reflect the people in the pre-test survey who answered "No" to the question that defines the rows.

Each of the main cells in the contingency tables list 3 numbers:

  • Frequency = raw number of responses for cell (can be zero if no responses in that cell).

  • Percent = cell count as percentage of table total = (cell frequency)/(table total count).

  • Col Pct = column percentage = (cell frequency)/(total count for column cell is in).

The SAS system can compute additional cell statistics, but we have limited it to the most relevant ones for the tables here. If you look at the last row/last column in each table, you will see row and column subtotals with their percentages, as well as the overall table totals in the lower right corner of each table.

Two of the chi-square statistics are of interest: the one simply labeled "Chi-Square," a better designation for which is the goodness-of-fit chi-square, and the "Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square." These statistics are usually close in value to each other. (They are asymptotically equivalent, which means they converge to the same value as the sample size increases without bound.)

The SAS tables include a number of other versions of chi-square statistics, Fisher's exact test (only for 2X2 tables), and a number of other test statistics. The thesis did not use these other statistics; if you understand them you might find them of interest. Otherwise, you can safely ignore them here if you wish (in the context of interpreting the thesis).

If you still have difficulty understanding these tables, or have questions regarding statistics in the table that are not covered above, please consult an intermediate statistics text, and /or college-level texts on contingency tables [categorical data analysis] for clarification. Please note that Beyond Veg authors/editors cannot provide statistical tutoring via email.



 
Nutrition Education Initiative
Indiana State University, 1996-1997
Overall results

The FREQ Procedure

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Why by Test
Why(Q2: Why were you here to see the doctor?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
Prenatal Visit 23
3.77
7.57
18
2.95
5.88
41
6.72
 
Well Child 14
2.30
4.61
14
2.30
4.58
28
4.59
 
Physical/Checkup 92
15.08
30.26
96
15.74
31.37
188
30.82
 
Other 175
28.69
57.57
178
29.18
58.17
353
57.87
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of Why by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 3 0.7138 0.8700
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 3 0.7153 0.8696
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.3317 0.5646
Phi Coefficient   0.0342  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0342  
Cramer's V   0.0342  

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Purpose by Test
Purpose(Q3: Purpose of patient visit?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
New 107
17.54
35.20
114
18.69
37.25
221
36.23
 
Ongoing 197
32.30
64.80
192
31.48
62.75
389
63.77
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of Purpose by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 0.2794 0.5971
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 0.2795 0.5970
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.1975 0.6568
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.2790 0.5974
Phi Coefficient   -0.0214  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0214  
Cramer's V   -0.0214  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 107
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.3284
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.7300
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0584
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.6140

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of HONHE by Test
HONHE(Q4: Handouts on nutrition/healthy eating) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 288
47.21
94.74
281
46.07
91.83
569
93.28
 
Yes 16
2.62
5.26
25
4.10
8.17
41
6.72
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of HONHE by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 2.0552 0.1517
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 2.0714 0.1501
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 1.6177 0.2034
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 2.0518 0.1520
Phi Coefficient   0.0580  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0579  
Cramer's V   0.0580  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 288
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9452
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.1015
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0466
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.1954

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of HOSNT by Test
HOSNT(Q4: Handouts on special nutrition topics) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 295
48.44
97.04
290
47.62
95.08
585
96.06
 
Yes 9
1.48
2.96
15
2.46
4.92
24
3.94
 
Total 304
49.92
305
50.08
609
100.00
Frequency Missing = 1

Statistics for Table of HOSNT by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 1.5411 0.2145
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 1.5571 0.2121
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 1.0674 0.3015
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 1.5386 0.2148
Phi Coefficient   0.0503  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0502  
Cramer's V   0.0503  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 295
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9271
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.1508
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0779
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.2977

Effective Sample Size = 609
Frequency Missing = 1

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of HOSDP by Test
HOSDP(Q4: Handouts spec. plan for patient) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 278
45.65
91.45
274
44.99
89.84
552
90.64
 
Yes 26
4.27
8.55
31
5.09
10.16
57
9.36
 
Total 304
49.92
305
50.08
609
100.00
Frequency Missing = 1

Statistics for Table of HOSDP by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 0.4659 0.4949
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 0.4665 0.4946
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.2954 0.5868
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.4652 0.4952
Phi Coefficient   0.0277  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0276  
Cramer's V   0.0277  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 278
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.7943
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.2936
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0879
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.5782

Effective Sample Size = 609
Frequency Missing = 1

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of DietPlan by Test
DietPlan(Q4: Spec. diet plan suggested by doctor) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
Low Calorie 3
5.26
11.54
2
3.51
6.45
5
8.77
 
Low Fat 3
5.26
11.54
4
7.02
12.90
7
12.28
 
High Fiber 2
3.51
7.69
1
1.75
3.23
3
5.26
 
Low Cholesterol 2
3.51
7.69
1
1.75
3.23
3
5.26
 
Diabetic 4
7.02
15.38
5
8.77
16.13
9
15.79
 
Low Sodium 3
5.26
11.54
1
1.75
3.23
4
7.02
 
Other 9
15.79
34.62
9
15.79
29.03
18
31.58
 
Low Fat/Chol/Cal 0
0.00
0.00
1
1.75
3.23
1
1.75
 
Diab/Low Chol 0
0.00
0.00
1
1.75
3.23
1
1.75
 
Low Cal/Fat 0
0.00
0.00
2
3.51
6.45
2
3.51
 
Low Fat/Chol/Na 0
0.00
0.00
2
3.51
6.45
2
3.51
 
Low Cal/Hi Fiber 0
0.00
0.00
1
1.75
3.23
1
1.75
 
Low Cal/Chol 0
0.00
0.00
1
1.75
3.23
1
1.75
 
Total 26
45.61
31
54.39
57
100.00
Frequency Missing = 553

Statistics for Table of DietPlan by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 12 9.7571 0.6373
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 12 12.8333 0.3813
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 3.8125 0.0509
Phi Coefficient   0.4137  
Contingency Coefficient   0.3823  
Cramer's V   0.4137  

WARNING: 92% of the cells have expected counts less
than 5. Chi-Square may not be a valid test.

Effective Sample Size = 57
Frequency Missing = 553

WARNING: 91% of the data are missing.

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Handout by Test
Handout(Q4 IND: Any Nutrition Handouts?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 262
42.95
86.18
257
42.13
83.99
519
85.08
 
Yes 42
6.89
13.82
49
8.03
16.01
91
14.92
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of Handout by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 0.5801 0.4463
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 0.5806 0.4461
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.4199 0.5170
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.5791 0.4467
Phi Coefficient   0.0308  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0308  
Cramer's V   0.0308  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 262
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.8092
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.2586
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0678
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.4957

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of DHMP by Test
DHMP(Q5: Discuss nutrition health maint plan?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 252
41.31
82.89
234
38.36
76.47
486
79.67
 
Yes 52
8.52
17.11
72
11.80
23.53
124
20.33
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of DHMP by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 3.8860 0.0487
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 3.9002 0.0483
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 3.4994 0.0614
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 3.8796 0.0489
Phi Coefficient   0.0798  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0796  
Cramer's V   0.0798  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 252
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9810
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0305
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0116
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0559

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of DSHN by Test
DSHN(Q5: Discuss spec health needs treatment?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 258
42.30
84.87
254
41.64
83.01
512
83.93
 
Yes 46
7.54
15.13
52
8.52
16.99
98
16.07
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of DSHN by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 0.3920 0.5312
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 0.3923 0.5311
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.2661 0.6059
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.3914 0.5316
Phi Coefficient   0.0254  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0253  
Cramer's V   0.0254  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 258
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.7692
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.3031
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0723
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.5818

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Discuss by Test
Discuss(Q5 IND: Any Nutrition Discussions?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 212
34.75
69.74
192
31.48
62.75
404
66.23
 
Yes 92
15.08
30.26
114
18.69
37.25
206
33.77
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of Discuss by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 3.3331 0.0679
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 3.3379 0.0677
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 3.0278 0.0818
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 3.3276 0.0681
Phi Coefficient   0.0739  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0737  
Cramer's V   0.0739  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 212
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9721
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0409
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0129
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0725

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of RRD by Test
RRD(Q6: Recommend dietitian/nutritionist?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 300
49.18
98.68
288
47.21
94.12
588
96.39
 
Yes 4
0.66
1.32
18
2.95
5.88
22
3.61
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of RRD by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 9.1475 0.0025
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 9.8747 0.0017
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 7.8811 0.0050
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 9.1325 0.0025
Phi Coefficient   0.1225  
Contingency Coefficient   0.1215  
Cramer's V   0.1225  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 300
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9996
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0019
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0016
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0037

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of RHSC by Test
RHSC(Q6: Recommend hospital diet class?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 300
49.18
98.68
298
48.85
97.39
598
98.03
 
Yes 4
0.66
1.32
8
1.31
2.61
12
1.97
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of RHSC by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 1.3335 0.2482
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 1.3593 0.2437
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.7451 0.3880
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 1.3313 0.2486
Phi Coefficient   0.0468  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0467  
Cramer's V   0.0468  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 300
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9274
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.1946
   
Table Probability (P) 0.1220
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.3829

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of RCG by Test
RCG(Q6: Recommend any community groups?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 298
48.85
98.03
299
49.02
97.71
597
97.87
 
Yes 6
0.98
1.97
7
1.15
2.29
13
2.13
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of RCG by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 0.0720 0.7884
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 0.0721 0.7883
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.0000 1.0000
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.0719 0.7886
Phi Coefficient   0.0109  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0109  
Cramer's V   0.0109  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 298
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.7074
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.5049
   
Table Probability (P) 0.2123
Two-sided Pr <= P 1.0000

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of CG by Test
CG(Q6: Community group recommend by doctor) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
WIC 3
23.08
50.00
1
7.69
14.29
4
30.77
 
Weight Watchers 1
7.69
16.67
0
0.00
0.00
1
7.69
 
EFNEP 1
7.69
16.67
0
0.00
0.00
1
7.69
 
Other 1
7.69
16.67
6
46.15
85.71
7
53.85
 
Total 6
46.15
7
53.85
13
100.00
Frequency Missing = 597

Statistics for Table of CG by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 3 6.5332 0.0884
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 3 7.7045 0.0525
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 4.0961 0.0430
Phi Coefficient   0.7089  
Contingency Coefficient   0.5783  
Cramer's V   0.7089  

WARNING: 100% of the cells have expected counts less
than 5. Chi-Square may not be a valid test.

Effective Sample Size = 13
Frequency Missing = 597

WARNING: 98% of the data are missing.

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of RNS by Test
RNS(Q6: Recommend nutritional supplements?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 290
47.54
95.39
286
46.89
93.46
576
94.43
 
Yes 14
2.30
4.61
20
3.28
6.54
34
5.57
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of RNS by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 1.0801 0.2987
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 1.0856 0.2974
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 0.7444 0.3883
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 1.0783 0.2991
Phi Coefficient   0.0421  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0420  
Cramer's V   0.0421  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 290
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.8882
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.1943
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0825
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.3779

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Recom by Test
Recom(Q6 IND: Any Nutrition Recommendations?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 280
45.90
92.11
260
42.62
84.97
540
88.52
 
Yes 24
3.93
7.89
46
7.54
15.03
70
11.48
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of Recom by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 7.6486 0.0057
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 7.7672 0.0053
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 6.9620 0.0083
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 7.6360 0.0057
Phi Coefficient   0.1120  
Contingency Coefficient   0.1113  
Cramer's V   0.1120  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 280
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9982
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0040
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0022
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0073

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Question by Test
Question(Q7: Did you ask nutrition questions?) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
No 264
43.28
86.84
243
39.84
79.41
507
83.11
 
Yes 40
6.56
13.16
63
10.33
20.59
103
16.89
 
Total 304
49.84
306
50.16
610
100.00

Statistics for Table of Question by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 1 5.9993 0.0143
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 6.0430 0.0140
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 5.4815 0.0192
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 5.9894 0.0144
Phi Coefficient   0.0992  
Contingency Coefficient   0.0987  
Cramer's V   0.0992  
 
Fisher's Exact Test
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 264
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9949
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0094
   
Table Probability (P) 0.0043
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0172

Sample Size = 610

 

Frequency
Percent
Col Pct
Table of Info by Test
Info(Q8: Eval of doctor-supplied nutr info) Test(Timing of survey response) Total
Pre-Test PostTest
Very Complete 30
29.13
75.00
52
50.49
82.54
82
79.61
 
Adequate 10
9.71
25.00
9
8.74
14.29
19
18.45
 
Not What I Needed 0
0.00
0.00
2
1.94
3.17
2
1.94
 
Total 40
38.83
63
61.17
103
100.00
Frequency Missing = 507

Statistics for Table of Info by Test

 

Statistic DF Value Prob
Chi-Square 2 2.9671 0.2268
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 2 3.6211 0.1636
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 0.2175 0.6410
Phi Coefficient   0.1697  
Contingency Coefficient   0.1673  
Cramer's V   0.1697  

WARNING: 33% of the cells have expected counts less
than 5. Chi-Square may not be a valid test.

Effective Sample Size = 103
Frequency Missing = 507

WARNING: 83% of the data are missing.



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